Transition Metals Trigger On-Surface Ullmann Coupling Reaction: Intermediate, Catalyst and Template

In this chapter, we report on our recent studies of on-surface Ullmann coupling reaction and focus on the roles of the transition metals in the reaction. First, we discuss an organometallic intermediate state, which separates the reaction into two steps. Next, we examine the catalytic efficiency of Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd in the reaction. We analyze the bond formation yields when the reaction takes place in the presence of these metals. In particular, we determine the rate constants and activation energy of Cuand Pd-catalyzed reaction. In the last part, we demonstrate a strategy of using metal coordination template to steer the reaction toward specific products.